Recognition Mechanisms The immune system identifies threats through multiple detection methods. Innate immunity provides immediate response through physical barriers and cells that recognize common pathogen patterns. Specialized proteins mark foreign substances for destruction, while sentinel cells patrol tissues for signs of infection. This ini

Preparation Stage Cell division begins during interphase, where the cell grows and replicates its DNA. The cell synthesizes proteins needed for division and duplicates organelles. Chromosomes, containing the copied DNA, condense into visible structures. This preparatory phase ensures all necessary components are ready for the complex process of

Initiation Phase DNA replication begins when enzymes unwind and separate the double helix at specific points called origins of replication. Helicase enzymes break hydrogen bonds between base pairs, creating a replication fork with two separate strands. Proteins stabilize the separated strands while other enzymes prepare for DNA synthesis. This c

Endocrine Glands Hormone production occurs in specialized endocrine glands throughout the body. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland act as master controllers, regulating other endocrine glands through hormonal signals. Each gland produces specific hormones: the thyroid releases metabolic regulators, adrenals produce stress hormones, and pancrea